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Ballad, Court Hymn, and Eulogy
《詩經(jīng)》中依體裁與音樂對詩歌所分出的類型?！帮L(fēng)（國風(fēng)）”是不同地區(qū)的音樂，大部分是民歌；“雅”是宮廷宴享或朝會時的樂歌，分為“大雅”與“小雅”，大部分是貴族文人的作品；“頌”是宗廟祭祀用的舞曲歌辭，內(nèi)容多是歌頌祖先的功業(yè)?！把拧薄绊灐敝秆耪簦皣L(fēng)”系民間樂歌，因此“風(fēng)雅頌”既是《詩經(jīng)》的體裁，同時也有高雅純正的含義?！帮L(fēng)雅”后來一般指典雅與高雅的事物。
In "The Book of Songs," the content is divided into three categories according to style and tune: feng (ballad), ya (court hymn), and song (eulogy). Ballads are music from different regions, mostly folk songs. Court hymns, divided into daya (major hymn) and xiaoya (minor hymn), are songs sung at court banquets or grand ceremonies. They are mostly the works by lettered noblemen. Eulogies are ritual or sacrificial dance music and songs, most of which praise the achievements of ancestors. Court hymns and eulogies are highbrow songs while ballads are lowbrow ones. Therefore, ballads, court hymns, and eulogies not only refer to the styles of "The Book of Songs" but also classify the songs into highbrow and lowbrow categories. Later on, fengya (風(fēng)雅) generally referred to anything elegant.
引例 Citations：
◎故《詩》有六義焉：一曰風(fēng)，二曰賦，三曰比，四曰興，五曰雅，六曰頌。（《毛詩序》）
所以《詩經(jīng)》有六項基本內(nèi)容：即風(fēng)、賦、比、興、雅、頌。
Therefore The Book of Songs has six basic elements: ballads, narratives, analogies, associations, court hymns, and eulogies. (Preface to The Book of Songs)
◎“三經(jīng)”是賦、比、興，是做詩底骨子，無詩不有，才無則不成詩。蓋不是賦便是比，不是比便是興。如風(fēng)、雅、頌卻是里面橫丳（chuàn）底，都有賦、比、興，故謂之“三緯”。（《朱子語類》卷八十）
《詩經(jīng)》中的“三經(jīng)”指賦、比、興，是作詩的骨架，所有的詩都有，如果沒有就不成詩。大概是沒有賦就得有比，沒有比就得有興。像風(fēng)、雅、頌在詩歌里面卻起橫向的連接作用，詩歌中都得有賦、比、興，所以將風(fēng)、雅、頌稱為“三緯”。
The three "longitudes" of The Book of Songs refer to narrative, analogy, and association, which serve as the frame of a poem. Without these, they could not be called poems. If narrative is not used in a poem, analogy must be used; if analogy is not used, association must be employed. Ballads from the states, court hymns, and eulogies play a connecting role in the poems. Since the poems have narrative, analogy, and association serving as the "longitudes," ballads from the states, court hymns, and eulogies are therefore called the three "latitudes." (Classified Conversations of Master Zhu Xi)
推薦：教育部 國家語委
供稿：北京外國語大學(xué) 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社
責(zé)任編輯：錢耐安
