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General Knowledge
通常的認(rèn)知?！俺！奔雌胀?、一般或正常，也有恒常不變之義；“識(shí)”即知識(shí)、認(rèn)識(shí)或見(jiàn)識(shí)。它是社會(huì)對(duì)同一事物普遍存在的日常共識(shí)，是一個(gè)群體日用而不知的共同精神基礎(chǔ)。明治時(shí)期，日本學(xué)者用“常識(shí)”一詞與英文common sense達(dá)成對(duì)譯，于清末傳入中國(guó)。其義與專門知識(shí)相對(duì)，主要指普通知識(shí)，也含有道德意蘊(yùn)，被認(rèn)為是判斷是非善惡、決定進(jìn)退取舍的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或尺度。今主要指一個(gè)正常人所應(yīng)具備的基本知識(shí)，其古今意涵有貫通性。
In this expression, chang (常) means "ordinary," "common," or "normal," together with "constant" and "unchanging." Shi (識(shí)) here refers to what is known, understood, or experienced. General knowledge is the social consensus on the basic matters of everyday life and the commonly shared spiritual background that is unknowingly assumed by the community. During Japan's Meiji Era, some Japanese scholars used 常識(shí) to render the English phrase "common sense," which spread to China at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Its meaning is opposite to that of "specialized knowledge." Besides, "general knowledge" has moral implications, and has been upheld as the criterion or measure for telling right from wrong and good from evil, and for deciding whether to advance or retreat and making various choices. Today, the expression mainly refers to the basic knowledge a normal person should have. Its ancient and modern meanings are connected.
引例 Citations：
◎圣人之妙用變通，又自有不可測(cè)者，不可以私情常識(shí)議其方也。（朱熹《答程珙》）
圣人巧妙地運(yùn)用變通之法，而且有其捉摸不透的地方，我們不能憑著一己之見(jiàn)和平常見(jiàn)識(shí)論其短長(zhǎng)。
Sages skillfully use methods of adaptation, where something unfathomable is innate. It is beyond our limited understanding and general knowledge. (Zhu Xi: Reply to Cheng Gong)
◎神藻生常識(shí)，玄機(jī)即邇言。（沈鍊《步虛詞二十三章》其十九）
華美的辭章源自通常的認(rèn)知，深?yuàn)W的道理離不開(kāi)淺近的語(yǔ)言。
Splendid articles derive from general knowledge; recondite truths call for simple language. (Shen Lian: Twenty-three Buxuci Lyrics)
推薦：教育部 國(guó)家語(yǔ)委
供稿：北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué) 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社
責(zé)任編輯：錢耐安
